AI agents for business finance: what they can and can't do
What AI agents can do in bookkeeping, close, collections and compliance today, where a person must stay in charge, and how to judge a product.
The short answer
On Modelo 303, goods exported to Nigeria go in box 60 as exempt exports; services to Nigerian clients that are not subject to Spanish IVA under the place-of-supply rules go in box 120; and services you buy from a Nigerian supplier under the reverse charge go in boxes 12 and 13, with the deductible IVA in the input boxes. Quarterly returns are due from the 1st to the 20th of April, July and October, and from 1 to 30 January for the fourth quarter.
Why Nigerian trade still belongs on your IVA return
Many autónomos and small SLs assume that sales to Nigeria are 'outside IVA' and can be left off Modelo 303. Some are outside the scope of Spanish IVA, but they still have to be reported, in specific boxes, so that AEAT can see your total activity and reconcile it with your annual return and your invoices. Leaving them out understates your turnover and can trigger questions when your bank records show income from Nigeria. All box numbers below come from AEAT's instructions for the 2026 Modelo 303 (page updated 9 June 2026).
The boxes for each kind of operation
| What you did | Box | What AEAT's 2026 instructions say |
|---|---|---|
| Sold goods shipped to Nigeria | 60 | Total of exempt operations, including exports outside the EU and operations under articles 22, 23, 24, 64 and 143 of the IVA law |
| Provided services to a Nigerian client not subject to Spanish IVA | 120 | Non-subject operations under the place-of-supply rules, including services not subject to IVA, except intra-EU services (and special-scheme supplies, which go in 123) |
| Bought services from a Nigerian supplier | 12 and 13 | Base and quota of other reverse-charge operations, those not reported in boxes 10 and 11 for intra-EU acquisitions |
| Deducting the IVA you self-charged, and other input IVA | 28 to 39 | Bases and amounts of deductible input IVA, split between current operations and investment goods |
Whether a given service is non-subject in Spain depends on the place-of-supply rules: who the client is (a business or a consumer), where it is established and what the service is. Some services follow special location rules, so check each new type of contract rather than assuming every Nigerian sale belongs in box 120.
A quarter's worked example
Illustrative only. A Valencia SL in the third quarter of 2026:
- Ships €12,000 of machinery parts to a buyer in Kano, with customs export evidence: box 60, €12,000.
- Invoices a Lagos fintech €4,500 for software consulting, a business client established in Nigeria: box 120, €4,500 (no Spanish IVA charged).
- Pays a Nigerian design studio €2,000 for marketing design: reverse charge, so box 12 base €2,000 and, in box 13, the IVA on that base at the rate that applies to the service, with the same amount claimed as deductible input IVA if the SL has full deduction.
- Has ordinary Spanish sales and costs in the usual boxes.
The reverse-charge entry is neutral for a business with full deduction: the same quota is declared in box 13 and deducted in the input boxes, so nothing extra is paid. It still has to be shown, and the Nigerian supplier's invoice is what supports it. A business with only partial deduction (for example one with some exempt activity) recovers less than it declares, so the entry has a real cost.
Deadlines for 2026
From the same instructions:
- Quarterly filers: from the 1st to the 20th of the month after the quarter (April, July and October); the fourth quarter is filed from 1 to 30 January.
- Monthly filers (those whose return period is the calendar month): from the 1st to the 30th of the following month, except January's return, which is due by the last day of February.
Exporters are often in a refund position, because they pay input IVA on Spanish costs but charge none on exports. If that is you, ask your asesor whether monthly filing suits you better; it comes with its own conditions.
What to keep with each quarter's return
- Export evidence for every box 60 entry: customs documents and transport records showing the goods left the EU.
- Invoices to Nigerian clients showing the client's business details and why no Spanish IVA was charged.
- Supplier invoices for every reverse-charge entry in boxes 12 and 13.
- Your exchange-rate record for any invoice in naira or dollars, so euro amounts can be traced; see which exchange rate to use.
If you got a quarter wrong
Mistakes on earlier returns happen, especially in the first year of trading with Nigeria: an export left out of box 60, a consulting invoice wrongly charged Spanish IVA, or a Nigerian supplier's invoice never put through the reverse charge. AEAT provides routes to correct a filed Modelo 303, and the right route depends on whether the error favours you or the tax authority. Ask your asesor before you simply adjust the next quarter, because netting an old error into a new period can itself be treated as an error. Keep a short note of what was corrected and why.
Where Pryme fits
A Pryme Business Account keeps euro and naira receipts and payments in separate balances, which makes it easier to tie each box entry to a transaction. Invoicing issues numbered invoices to Nigerian clients, and the Finance agent can prepare a quarterly list of exports, non-subject services and reverse-charge purchases for your asesor, which a person reviews before anything is filed. See also IVA on services to a Nigerian client.
Questions people ask
Where do I put exports to Nigeria on Modelo 303?
In box 60, the total of exempt operations, which includes exports outside the EU, according to AEAT's 2026 instructions.
Where do services to a Nigerian client go on Modelo 303?
If they are not subject to Spanish IVA under the place-of-supply rules, in box 120, which covers non-subject services other than intra-EU services.
How do I declare services bought from a Nigerian supplier?
Under the reverse charge, in boxes 12 (base) and 13 (quota), with the deductible amount in the input IVA boxes.
When is the third-quarter Modelo 303 due?
From 1 to 20 October. The fourth quarter is filed from 1 to 30 January.
Sources
- Agencia Tributaria: Modelo 303, instrucciones ejercicio 2026 (page updated 9 Jun 2026) · accessed Oct 2026
- Agencia Tributaria: Cómo presentar la declaración de IVA, modelo 303 (page updated 14 Oct 2026) · accessed Oct 2026
This article is general information, not financial, legal or tax advice. Products described are provided under the terms on this site and are subject to regulation and eligibility.